Quartz

Quartz
Quartz crystal group from Arkansas
General
Category	Mineral
Formula (repeating unit)	Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2)
Identification
Colour	Clear (if no impurities); also see Varieties
Crystal habit	6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical)
Crystal system	rhombohedral class 32
Twinning	Dauphine law, Brazil law and Japan law
Cleavage	None
Fracture	Conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness	7 - lower in impure varieties
Luster	Vitreous/glossy
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity	2.65 constant; variable in impure varieties
Optical properties	Uniaxial (+)
Refractive index	nω = 1.543 - 1.545 nε = 1.552 - 1.554
Birefringence	+0.009 (B-G interval)
Pleochroism	None
Melting point	1650 (±75) °C
Solubility	11.0 +/- 1.1 PPM @ 25 C
Other characteristics	Piezoelectric

Quartz (from German Quarz) is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust (although feldspar is more common in the world as a whole). It is made up of a lattice of silica (SiO₂) tetrahedra. Quartz has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and a density of 2.65 g/cm³.

Crystal habit

Quartz belongs to the rhombohedral crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear massive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a 'bed' that has unconstrained growth into a void, but because the crystals must be attached at the other end to a matrix, only one termination pyramid is present. A quartz geode is such a situation where the void is approximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward.

Varieties

Pure quartz is colorless or white; colored varieties include rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others. Quartz goes by an array of different names. The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macrocrystalline (individual crystals visible to the unaided eye) and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline varieties (aggregates of crystals visible only under high magnification). Chalcedony is a generic term for cryptocrystalline quartz. The cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline.

Although many of the varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Colour is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties. This does not always hold true.

Major Varieties

Chalcedony	Any cryptocrystalline quartz, although generally only used for white or lightly colored material. Otherwise more specific names are used.
Agate	Multi-colored, banded chalcedony, semi-translucent to translucent
Onyx	Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size.
Jasper	Opaque chalcedony, typically red to brown
Aventurine	Translucent chalcedony with small inclusions (usually mica) that shimmer.
Tiger's eye	Fibrous gold to red-brown coloured quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy.
Rock crystal	Clear, colorless
Amethyst	Purple, transparent
Citrine	Yellow to reddish orange to brown, greenish yellow
Prasiolite	Mint green, transparent
Rose quartz	Pink, translucent, may display diasterism
Rutilated quartz	Contains acicular (needles) inclusions of rutile
Milk quartz	White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism
Smoky quartz	Brown to grey, opaque
Morion	Dark-brown, opaque
Carnelian	Reddish orange chalcedony, translucent

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  Tiger's eye

• IMG 5779.jpg

  Rose quartz
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  Milk quartz
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  Rutilated quartz crystal

Synthetic and artificial treatments

Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Prasiolite, an olive colored material, is produced by heat treatment; natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland. Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treated amethyst. Carnelian is widely heat-treated to deepen its colour.

Due to natural quartz being so often twinned, much of the quartz used in industry is synthesized. Large, flawless and untwinned crystals are produced in an autoclave via the hydrothermal process; emeralds are also synthesized in this fashion. While these are still commonly referred to as quartz, the correct term for this material is silicon dioxide.

Occurrence

Quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites. Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and weigh hundreds of kilograms. These veins may bear precious metals such as gold or silver, and form the quartz ores sought in mining. Erosion of pegmatites may reveal expansive pockets of crystals, known as "cathedrals."

Quartz is a common constituent of granite, sandstone, limestone, and many other igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Related silica minerals

Tridymite and cristobalite are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO₂ that occur in high-silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is a denser polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. Stishovite is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of quartz found in some meteorite impact sites. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass SiO₂ which is formed by lightning strikes in quartz sand.

History

The name "quartz" comes from the German "Quarz", which is of Slavic origin (Czech miners called it křemen). Other sources insist the name is from the Saxon word "Querkluftertz", meaning cross-vein ore.

Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, eg. Newgrange or Carrowmore in the Republic of Ireland. The Irish word for quartz is grian cloch, which means 'stone of the sun'.

Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder believed quartz to be water ice, permanently frozen after great lengths of time. (The word "crystal" comes from the Greek word for ice.) He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near glaciers in the Alps, but not on volcanic mountains, and that large quartz crystals were fashioned into spheres to cool the hands. He also knew of the ability of quartz to split light into a spectrum. This idea persisted until at least the 1600s.

In the 9th century, the Berber polymath and inventor, Abbas Ibn Firnas (810-887), was the first to produce glass from quartz. In the 17th century, Nicolas Steno's study of quartz paved the way for modern crystallography. He discovered that no matter how distorted a quartz crystal, the long prism faces always made a perfect 60 degree angle.

Charles Sawyer invented the commercial quartz crystal manufacturing process in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. This initiated the transition from mined and cut quartz for electrical appliances to manufactured quartz.

Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. The quartz oscillator or resonator was first developed by Walter Guyton Cady in 1921 . George Washington Pierce designed and patented quartz crystal oscillators in 1923 . Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927 .

Quartz crystals are rotary polar (see rotary polarization) and have the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. They are also highly piezoelectric, becoming polarized with a negative charge on one end and a positive charge on the other when subjected to pressure. They will vibrate if an alternating electric current is applied to them. This proves them to be highly important in commerce for making pressure gauges, oscillators, resonators and watches.

Piezoelectricity

Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties, that is they develop an electric potential upon the application of mechanical stress. An early use of this property of quartz crystals was in phonograph pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a crystal oscillator. The quartz clock is a familiar device using the mineral. The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the quartz crystal microbalance and in thin-film thickness monitors.