Checked content

File:Triple torus illustration.png

Description Illustration of a triple torus
Date 18:01, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
Source Own work, MATLAB source code below
Matlab Logo.png
This chart was created with MATLAB.
Author Oleg Alexandrov
Public domain I, the copyright holder of this work, release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide.
In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so:
I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

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Source code ( MATLAB)

function main()
 
  % illustration of a triple torus
 
   % torus radii 
   r = 1;
   R = 3;
 
   Kb = R+r;
   Ks = R-r;
 
   % Km controls the smoothness of the transition from one ring to the others
   Km = 0.5125*Kb;
 
   L = 2.5*(r+R);
 
   h = 0.2; % grid size
 
   X = (-L):h:L; m = length(X);
   Y = (-L):h:L; n = length(Y);
   Z = (-1.1*r):h:(1.1*r); k = length(Z);
 
   W = zeros(m, n, k);
 
   for i=1:length(X)
      for j=1:length(Y)
         x = X(i);
         y = Y(j);
 
         [x, y] = triple_torus_function (x, y, r, R, Kb, Km);
         val = (sqrt(x^2+y^2)-R)^2-r^2;
         W(i, j, :) = val + Z.^2;
 
      end
   end
 
   figure(1); clf; hold on;
   axis equal; axis off;
 
   light_green=[184, 224, 98]/256; % light green
 
   H = patch(isosurface(X, Y, Z, W, 0));
   isonormals(X, Y, Z, W, H);
   mycolor = light_green;
 
   set(H, 'FaceColor', mycolor, 'EdgeColor','none', 'FaceAlpha', 1);
   set(H, 'SpecularColorReflectance', 0.1, 'DiffuseStrength', 0.8);
   set(H, 'FaceLighting', 'phong', 'AmbientStrength', 0.3);
   set(H, 'SpecularExponent', 108);
 
   daspect([1 1 1]);
   axis tight;
   colormap(prism(28))
   view(-12, 40);
 
   % add in a source of light
   camlight (-50, 54); lighting phong;
 
   print('-dpng', '-r400',  ...
         sprintf('Triple_torus_illustration.png'));
 
 
function [x, y] = triple_torus_function (x, y, r, R, Kb, Km)
 
% a deformation in the plane, which, when comosed with a torus will give
% a triple torus   
 
% centre of one of the torii
   O = [-Kb, -Kb/sqrt(3)]; 
 
   angle = 2*pi/3;
   Mat = [ cos(angle)  -sin(angle); sin(angle)   cos(angle)  ];
 
   p =[x, y]';
   phi = atan2(y, x);
 
   if phi >= pi/6 & phi <= 5*pi/6
      p = Mat*p; % rotate 120 degree counterclockwise
   elseif phi >= -pi/2 & phi < pi/6
      p = Mat*p; p = Mat*p; % rotate 240 degrees counterclockwise
   end
 
   x=p(1); y = p(2);
 
% reflect against a line, to merge two cases in one
   if y > x/sqrt(3)
 
      p = [x, y];
      v = [cos(2*pi/3), sin(2*pi/3)];
 
      p = p - 2*v*dot(p, v)/dot(v, v);
      x = p(1); y = p(2);
 
   end
 
   if x > O(1)
 
% project to the y axis, to a point B
      if y < O(2)
 
         A = [O(1), y];
         B = [0, y];
      else
 
         A = O;
 
         p = [x, y];
         rho = norm(p-O);
 
         B = O+(Kb/rho)*(p-O);
 
%         t = -O(1)/(x-O(1));
%         B = [0, O(2)+t*(y-O(2))];
 
      end
 
      p = [x, y];
 
      d=norm(p-A);
      q = norm(B-A);
 
      d = my_map(d, q, Km);
      p = (d/q)*B+(1-d/q)*A;
      x=p(1); y=p(2);
 
   end
 
% shift towards the origin
   x = x-O(1);
   y = y-O(2);
 
function y = my_map(x, Kb, Km)
 
   if x > Kb
      y = Km + 1;
   elseif x < Km
      y = x;
   else
      y = Km+sin((pi/2)*(x-Km)/(Kb-Km));
   end
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